Puerto Rico The Storeyed Country Example

Puerto Rico The Storeyed Country Example Puerto Rico The Storeyed Country – Book Report/Review Example History and Political Science, Book Report/Review Topic: Puerto Rico: The Four-Storeyed CountryA. The contents of the book â€Å"Puerto Rico: The Four-Storeyed Country,† by Jose Luis Gonzalez are about Puerto Rican National Identity. The islanders have borne with conquests and had to bear with the onslaught of varied cultural patterns. The issues relating to race, nationality and ethnicity are peculiar in Puerto Rico. This island has gone through the process of being under two colonial powers for long periods. The present question is, about the continuing impact of American colonial intervention on Puerto Rican culture. This national identity has been challenged often and the book by Gonzalez divides the history into four parts for understanding the successive developments.B. I choose chapter I of the book, â€Å"Puerto Rico: The Four-Storeyed Country,† from pages 1 to 30. In this chapter the author goes to the specifics of the subject dealt with by him in detail in the later chapters of the book. The contents of this chapter are the essence of the book. Notwithstanding the territorial and cultural attacks, Puerto Ricans have succeeded in retaining their distinct identity. Gonzalez argues, "When the descendants of the first African slaves had already become black Puerto Ricans... the first Puerto Ricans were in fact black Puerto Ricans" (10). Subsequently invasions by the colonial powers did impact the native people. But that was not their willing acceptance. The ideal of "Americanization" was imposed on the Puerto Ricans. They were aware of the necessity "to protect and shore up a national identity that the Puerto Rican masses have never felt as their true identity" (Gonzalez 24). The problems confronted by the local people and the colonists are more or less the same all over, in the affected countries like Puerto Rica. â€Å"It stresses the increasingly complex, yet unfinished, character of colonial society, highlights its regional differences, and shows how economic growth, religious revival, and political maturation prepared the English colonists by 1750 for the epic events that would occur in the next generation.†(ksuweb.) Thus, the confrontation of the two cultures was inevitable, the offence of the colonists to assert their authority in all segments, and the efforts of the Indians to defend the cultural traditions of their homelands. C. The people of this country have succeeded in maintaining the essentials of their culture. Western influence on their lifestyles does count, but that is a global phenomenon which has happened in most of the countries under colonial rule. Puerto Rican culture is primarily Caribbean and not American. .Gonzales, Jose Luis (Author) Puerto Rico: The Four-Storeyed Country and Other Essays. Trans. Gerald Guinness. M. Wiener Pub.; 1993 [PDF] THE AMERICAN PEOPLE Creating a Nation and a Society Seventh ... Retrieved on July 29, 2012

Oral and Verbal - Commonly Confused Words

Oral and Verbal - Commonly Confused Words The adjective oral means pertaining to speech or to the mouth. (The homophone aural, by the way, refers to listening and hearing.) The adjective verbal means pertaining to words, whether written or spoken (though verbal is sometimes treated as a synonym for oral). See the usage notes below. In traditional grammar, the noun verbal refers to a verb form that functions as a noun or a modifier rather than as a verb. Examples of Oral and Verbal Oral language has existed much longer than written language, and most people speak more often than they read or write. (Elizabeth Coelho, Adding English: A Guide to Teaching in Multilingual Classrooms, 2004)Although candidates with defective foreign speech were likely to be screened out early on by teacher training programs, even well-spoken Jewish immigrant girls frequently failed the oral exam. (Joyce Antler, The Journey Home: Jewish Women and the American Century. The Free Press, 1997)Copy is the verbal portion of an advertisement and may include headlines, sub-headlines, body copy, and signature. (William Pride and O.C. Ferrell, Marketing, 2006)Jargon is the verbal sleight of hand that makes the old hat seem newly fashionable. (David Lehman, Signs of the Times, 1991) Usage Notes [A]ll language is verbal, but only speech is oral. (Henry Hitchings, The Language Wars: A History of Proper English. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011)Oral communication is speech, conversation. Verbal ability is ones skill with words, and the verbal section of the SAT, the college entrance examination, tests a high school students knowledge of written language. . . .Verbal and oral are now so inextricably confounded that the tautological phrase verbal and written has become entrenched: The position requires . . . strong verbal and written communication skills (RenewableEnergyWorld.com) . . ..This may seem like a morass, but dont despair. Avoiding this accident of style is easier than you may think. Just remember that oral refers to spoken words, written refers to written words, and verbal refers to anything expressed in words, whether spoken or written. (Charles Harrington Elster, The Accidents of Style: Good Advice on How Not to Write Badly. St. Martins Press, 2010) Verbal  Redundancies The misuse of verbal for oral has a long history and is still common. Nevertheless, the distinction is worth fighting for, especially in legal prose. . . .Because verbal is always used in reference to words, verbal definition is redundant, as there can be no definition without words. . . . Similarly, verbal is redundant in such phrases as verbal promise, verbal denial, verbal affirmation, and verbal criticism, as these activities usually cannot occur without words. (Bryan A. Garner, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 1995) Practice Exercise Test your knowledge of the difference between oral and verbal by filling in the correct word. (a) Like Corso, Ray had spent his time in jail reading, writing poetry, and educating himself. His poetry was designed to be the _____ equivalent of jazz. (Bill Morgan, The Typewriter Is Holy: The Complete, Uncensored History of the Beat Generation, 2010)(b) It would be unlawful for an employer to administer a written employment test to an individual who has informed the employer, prior to the administration of the test, that he is dyslexic and unable to read. In such a case, the employer should reasonably accommodate the applicants disability by administering an _____ test as an alternative. (Margaret P. Spencer, The Americans With Disabilities Act: Description and Analysis. Human Resource Management and the Americans With Disabilities Act, 1995) Answers to Practice Exercises (a) Like Corso, Ray had spent his time in jail reading, writing poetry, and educating himself. His poetry was designed to be the  verbal  equivalent of jazz. (Bill Morgan,  The Typewriter Is Holy: The Complete, Uncensored History of the Beat Generation, 2010)(b) It would be unlawful for an employer to administer a written employment test to an individual who has informed the employer, prior to the administration of the test, that he is dyslexic and unable to read. In such a case, the employer should reasonably accommodate the applicants disability by administering an  oral  test as an alternative. (Margaret P. Spencer, The Americans With Disabilities Act: Description and Analysis.  Human Resource Management and the Americans With Disabilities Act, 1995) Answers to Practice Exercises: oral and verbal. (a) Like Corso, Ray had spent his time in jail reading, writing poetry, and educating himself. His poetry was designed to be the verbal equivalent of jazz.(Bill Morgan, The Typewriter Is Holy: The Complete, Uncensored History of the Beat Generation, 2010)(b) It would be unlawful for an employer to administer a written employment test to an individual who has informed the employer, prior to the administration of the test, that he is dyslexic and unable to read. In such a case, the employer should reasonably accommodate the applicants disability by administering an oral test as an alternative.(Margaret P. Spencer, The Americans With Disabilities Act: Description and Analysis. Human Resource Management and the Americans With Disabilities Act, 1995) Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words 200 Homonyms, Homophones, and Homographs