Vietnam War

Introduction Vietnam War was a long time tussle between the northern and the southern region of Vietnam which culminated into one of the bloodiest wars of the time. America played a dominant role in this particular war with Hanoi and Washington waging war in an attempt to ensure that Vietnam was free from the domination of foreigners. This paper seeks to compare the ability of Hanoi and Washington in waging the war successfully.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Vietnam War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Background Information The Vietnam War was a conflict that was military in nature, occurred between the years 1954 and 1975, and was between the communists and the non-communists. The communists received immense support from China while the non-communists were supported by America. The first war that preceded the Vietnam War was known as Indochina War where the Southern part of Vietnam was fighting to prevent fro m being united with the northern part under the policies of communism. When this war ended, these two factions were kept apart to prevent further damage and they were expected to remain that way until the next elections were held. The Paris Agreement In the year 1973, an agreement known as the Paris agreement was signed and this was meant to end the more than a decade war between the South Vietnamese and the North Vietnamese. Under this agreement, there are various issues that were agreed upon with Hanoi and Washington each stating their position regarding the issue. There was an acrimonious agreement between Hanoi and Washington in the signing of the agreement although parties understood this agreement could have far-reaching consequences to both the North and the South Vietnam. Though Hanoi and Washington were aware that this agreement could bring problems to the already warring factions, the events that had taken place earlier both parties to the agreement that such a move was th e only way out considering the surrounding circumstances. The provisions of the agreement were quite vague and thus not workable with both Washington and Hanoi ignoring the necessary factors of the agreement. To both parties, the most important aspect of the agreement at the time was to fulfil certain purposes for each side.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Washington on one hand was concerned in having the American prisoners released as well as being able to formally withdraw from participating ion the Vietnam and marinating the credibility that America had during the Cold War. Hanoi on the other hand was more concerned on being able to force the forces from America to withdraw from the Vietnam War, ensuring that the revolution that was socialist in nature that was going to happen in North Vietnam was saved and being able to improve on prospects of reuniting the two warr ing factions. Steps by Hanoi and Washington In Washington, there was an elevation of diplomacy which was meant to ensure that the support that America was giving to South Vietnam was not in vain. Nixon, the then president of America placed great emphasis on steeping up diplomacy that there was manipulation of wars in Vietnam both in the air and the ground with the main aim being to ensure that the negotiation of the Paris were fulfilled. Hanoi was in an equally swift move to ensure that all measures had been put in control. Diplomacy was also elevated but in this case, different strategies were adopted. In the year 1972, having made keen observations of all that was taking place and with the flop of Spring Offensive came as a clear indication to Hanoi that it would not be practically possible to gain a victory through the military and that diplomacy was the only tool that they could use for an assured victory (Kissinger, 2003, p.543). This was the same case with Washington who had r ealised that diplomacy was the only way that the bloody war which had lasted for so long could be ended with the terms and conditions being most favourable The Paris Agreement had been signed by Washington and Hanoi with both parties being under extreme pressure due to all the surrounding circumstances one of them being military intervention. The Vietnam War had gone on for a very long time and thus had proven to be very costly for all the parties involved.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Vietnam War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Neither of the parties seemed willing to back down on seeing their part of the bargain in the Paris Agreement being fulfilled. Hanoi was not accepting anything short of a solution that would serve to bring unity to the whole country of Vietnam (Kissinger, 2003, p. 456). Due to the high cost that both parties encountered during the war, it became apparent that it would not be possible to fulfil some of the provisions of the agreement as each party was now concerned to ensue that their ambitions were met. Thus, the parties were only keen to honour the part of the agreement which favoured them while generally disregarding the letter and spirit of the agreement. Interaction between Washington and Hanoi These two sides had not always interacted or at least the interaction was not as frequent. It was only after the outcome of the Tet Offensive that the two sides began to hold talks both private and public. For a period of close to years, the talks did not yield much other than the adoption of a decision to bring the bombing of Vietnam to an end. In the year 1970, Hanoi and Washington resumed talks and this time, they were more consistent and better outcome was realized. This is how the Paris Agreement of 1972 came to be. Importance of Diplomacy in Vietnam War As mentioned, there were a lot of negotiations and talks that were held between Hanoi and Washington regardin g the Vietnam War. Looking keenly at all the vents that led to the Paris Agreement and later brought to and end decades of fighting between tow regions of one country, it is apparent that diplomacy was central in all these issued. It is also argued by many scholars that the outcome of the Vietnam War was not as a result of the battles that were fought but more so, the diplomatic talks that were held between Washington and Hanoi (Levie, 2004, p.98). It was through the Paris Agreement that certain conditions were set and both parties were ready to out necessary measures in place to ensure that the war was brought to an end. Conclusion The Vietnam War was one of the bloodiest wars that were ever witnessed. This war saw a diplomatic clash of France and America both of whom had vested interests in Vietnam. However continued talks between America and France helped bring the Vietnam War to an end.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Kissinger, H. (2003). Ending the Vietnam War: a history of America’s involvement in and extrication from the Vietnam War. London: Simon and Schuster. Levie, D. (2004). The Vietnam War. London: Twenty-First Century Books This essay on Vietnam War was written and submitted by user Mess1ah to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Emerging Trends - Antibiotics essays

Emerging Trends - Antibiotics essays Throughout history, the human race has sought to cure diseases. Many methods have been attempted, some good and some bad. But, by far, nothing compares to the wonder drug: antibiotics. History repeats itself. Because of this fact, the history of bacterial infections and antibiotics is important. The term antibiotics are derived from the Greek words anti and bios, which mean against life. Antibiotics are derived from living organisms, usually bacteria or molds that kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth (Antibiotics, encarta). The use of molds to help cure infections has been used for thousands of years. The medical records from Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China note this fact. Some of these records date back to 1500 BC. Crude plant extracts, as well as, cheese mold was used for topical treatments for infections (Antibiotics, encarta). William Roberts observed, in 1874, a form of bacteria immunity. He noticed that the mold Penicillium glaucum was immune to bacteria infection. A few years later, Louis Pasteur and Jules Francois Joubert noted that anthrax bacilli failed to grow if cultures became contaminated with airborne molds (Antibiotics, encarta). However, Sir Alexander Fleming made, by far, the biggest antibiotic discovery in 1928. He discovered the first true antibiotic, penicillin. Here is how the story goes. Fleming was not the tidiest of workers. He had left a Petri dish open on his bench. It was already loaded with staphylococci (staph). Spores of fungal mould (Penicillium notatum) floated in through an open window and settled on a plate. A little time later it was covered, but for some unknown reason not put into the incubator. Fleming promptly went off on a holiday leaving it on the bench. On his return Fleming found the plate and noticed that the bacteria had not grown as they would have under normal summer conditions even outside the incubator and so, Fleming deduced they had been inhibited or killed. Later he showed...

Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Property - Essay Example ut of properties, such as the interlinking of rights and responsibilities, the dog-leg boundary at back, not much space for access to The Hollies at the back, lots of trees which are close to buildings, drains are running along rear elevation (wall) of building, the manhole covers are evident, and leaking water in approximate position of line of supply to the adjoining property. Although he is the sole owner of Ivy House, he did have a long-term girlfriend for fifteen (15) years, Miss Chandra, who lived with him in the said house. She gave up her council house tenancy at his request and put all her savings (including money inherited from her mother) into improving the Ivy House updating the standards and making it a valuable property. Mr. Crane has done or paid for basic maintenance ever since but did not introduce improvements to it. When Miss Chandra left him, she didn’t say anything about getting her money back. However, when the word got around that Mr. Crane is thinking of selling the house, he had a â€Å"visit† from her sons intimating that their mother wants a substantial share of the sale proceeds. Another concern of Mr. Crane also is with the present owner of the adjoining house, The Hollies, known as Mr. Johnson. There have been issues over access to the rear, parking and water supply. There is an extract of a deed regarding an easement. Finally, Mr. Crane’s concern is about his friend Mr. Brown. Mr. Crane allowed Mr. Brown to use the basement at Ivy House almost daily and for the last 6 years, for his artwork business. He signed a document at Mr. Brown’s request but is not sure if it means anything. He doesn’t have a copy of the said document. He remembers that he and Mr. Brown were the only ones who signed the said document and that Mr. Brown was to be able to use the basement for ten (10) years but has paid nothing for the arrangements. He wonders whether or not he should tell Mr. Brown that he is selling up as he is concerned of what Mr.

Enron Scandal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Enron Scandal - Research Paper Example This created financial discrepancies in the form of loans. Profits were artificially generated in order to mention the cash flows that came in the form of such loans. Another technique used by the organization was to speculate on the energy sector. It calculated the market prices for the energy sector. The importance of ethics has also been demonstrated in the aftermath of the scandal. Corporate organizations need to have sound policies that demonstrate commitment, responsibility, and good governance. Such a culture helps employees to work for the prosperity of the organization. The collapse of Enron triggered shockwaves that took time to heal. The legislation in that time period allowed audit firms to provide diverse services which helped in the creation of fraudulent or misleading financial reports and statements. A major problem which occurred was the fact that Enron could recruit auditors that were inclined to make favorable statements in the organizational interest. Corporate scandals have a negative impact on economic systems because they lead to drastic changes. The Enron scandal that erupted in 2001 shook the foundations of the American financial system. It had a catastrophic impact on the confidence of the market because the organization had been involved in fraudulent and malicious financial activities. The organization would become insolvent while its auditing partner, Arthur Anderson was also on the verge of bankruptcy. Enron was an organization that had been created in the mid-1980s. Jeffrey Skilling, Kenneth Lay, and Andrew Fastow were responsible for the scandal which involved the lack of proper financial reports and statements (Brewer & Hansen, 2002). Stock values were overstated in order to attract more cash flows. The Enron scandal had widespread repercussions on the entire financial system. The main executives received sentences while certain firms like Citigroup and Anderson Auditing had to pay heavy.

Spain The country, hertiages, the people , cullture etc.... total of 3 Essay

Spain The country, hertiages, the people , cullture etc.... total of 3 questions - Essay Example It is essential to learn how to adapt to changes we meet in another country. Such country as Spain has its own traditions, which can influence everybody who learns about it. For example, a person who learns Spanish traditions can learn how to conduct calm and comfortable life. The fact is that, for example, Americans, like to work and get results quickly. Spaniards do not like to hurry and devote more time to every issue. Also, Spaniards pay much attention to their cultural traditions, which are reflected in art. Thus every person can adopt this devotion to culture and art. Spaniards like to organize holidays and their way of life is usually merrier than the way of life of Americans. Leaning about Spain it is impossible not to adopt this way of life as Spaniards know how to enjoy life, while Americans devote their life to business. Moreover, the history of Spain shows that Spaniards are the unique nation that managed to change its political conditions seamlessly. Some facts from thei r history can serve as an example and teach learners to implement changes slowly and without stress. 2. Two Spains The Second Spain existed in 1931—1939 during the period of Revolution in Spain. The term â€Å"Two Spains† became relevant due to the influence this period imposed on Spain’s further development. ... Irreconcilable controversies about the past and future development of the country take place till nowadays. Spanish political geography is the direct consequence of the Civil War. On the one hand today’s Spain arouse affection. Its peaceful transfer from the dictatorship to democracy can serve as example. However, Spaniards know that not everything is so great in their country. The members of Royal Family have already forgotten when they crossed the borders of Basque Country for the last time. Obviously, they are not going to visit Catalonia – last time their visits were not successful as were accompanied by burning their photos and Spanish flags. Civil War became the part of the history, but its consequences are felt even now. The successors of rebels and republicans continue to dispute and these disputes are not going to finish (Cowans 26). 3. Democracy In the modern world democracy is crucial as it determines the welfare of the state. Every country tried to gain demo cracy, but not every state managed to gain it seamlessly. The majority of the countries in the world should have taken effort to gain democracy. The transfer to democracy in Spain is considered to be the most seamless in the world history. It happened after the death of Francisco Franco, who was the head of the country during 35 years. It is essential to mention that during the rule of Franco Spain was a so-called outlaw of the Western world. The limitations on visiting this country were spread on American citizens. The main thing is that Spanish nation was split after the Civil War in 1936-1939 and it seemed that it was split forever. Actually, this war was as cruel and bloody as Civil War in Russia. Alienation between the republicans and the members of Falanga were moving

Factors Influencing Conflicts in Schools

Factors Influencing Conflicts in Schools FACTORS INFLUENCING CONFLICTS IN SCHOOLS.AN EXPLORATORY CASE STUDY OF PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN TANZANIA. BY: BONIPHACE, M. FASILI. INTRODUCTION: Organizational psychologists start with the view that there is ,or can be, a genuine conflict between a human being and his or her job of work, between the satisfaction of the needs of the individual worker, and the needs of the employing organization. However, some common ground between them is that: people have needs and, consequently, motives for doing things. These needs and motives, therefore, do affect peoples behavior, and their behavior c an be explained,(Chris, A.). There can be conflict between the goals of the organizations and the goals of people working for those organizations. The way to avoid such conflicts in practice is not by offering bribes and sweeteners to the workers, nor is it by offering them massive welfare programs, but is by changing the very structure and goals of the organization to accommodate peoples personal goals,(Chris, A., in Kooontz ,H. and C. ODonnel,1976). While other thinkers suggest that, the best type of organization is one which succeeds best in achieving the accommodation of peoplesÂÂ   personal goals by promoting worker participation in decision making, enabling workers to fulfill themselves and use a wide variety of talents, management by objectives rather than by authority, and finally, good communication and expressive supervision. Schools as organizations are said to be influenced by a combination of factors and have their own organizational culture of change and development,(Mbiti, D.M.,1974).In most cases, school development implies the management of planned change. These changes may at times be consistent or not consistent with the organizational culture.Unplanned changes are no more than accidents. An attempt to redesign a school organizational culture in the way that will adapt to the changes within and in the external environment or to effectively achieve the goals sometimes result into conflicts, Mosha, H.(1994).This may be caused by shifts inÂÂ   the interest and perceptions of the organization members, fear of change ,self interest, perception of the organization goals strategies by teachers or long for good old days. The school management has to overcome these factors if it is to accomplish the planned change. BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM Schools have traditionally been expected to teach children academic skills. The school has the responsibility to develop in each child a favourable attitude towards learning.Schools are also places where students interact with one another, their teachers and educational administrators. Many educators believe that student behaviour affects academic achievement (Boothe,Bradley,Flick,Keough, and Kirk,1993). Traditional disciplinaryÂÂ   practices include various forms of punishment based on the assumption that if negative behaviours are eliminated, the classroom climate will be conducive for learning,(Canter Canter, 1992). Critics of traditional disciplinary practices believe that the emphasis on punishment thwarts development of student responsibility, leadership, independence and interdependence(Dreyfuss,1990, in Mahduri Pendharkar,1995). Tanzania like any other developing countries is at the forefront to make socio economic transformations to achieve some laid down principles in the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs). Some major transformations have been directed towards improving the management and performance of educational institutions including more enrolment in both primary and secondary schools, and prioritizing girls education,(TDREG 1989).The period between 2000 t0 2005 have showed an increased school enrolment. This has also impacted on recruitment of more teachers and increased government expenditure in education,(BEST 2005). While improvedÂÂ   performance in education is expected, training for management is frequently neglected. The impact has reflected on frequently and repeated conflicts in schools manifesting in boycott, riot, drop outs, as well as breakdown of managerial capacities and accountability in some schools. Whereas, conflict resolution skills for teachers or students in most schools is not emphasized. In most schools in Tanzania there are discipline masters, Patrons and Matrons whose traditional role is to suppress negative behaviours of students. Some of them were appointed on the basis of certain personal attributes rather than the required skills. Most of them lack conflict management skills. As a result students hate them. This is impacted by lack of conflict resolution skills in schools. The emphasis is on rigid rules and discipline. Lyons and Hathering (1992) pointed out that, organization health is characterized by high levels of trust, low conflict and friction, respect for differences, personal freedom and individual autonomy in patterns of supervision and control. Conflict in schools need to be properly managed in order toÂÂ   create a healthy organizational climate that is so important for effective learning and performance of responsibilities. Mosha, H.J.(1994) stressed that, some conflicts in higher learning institutions occur due to lack of proper diagnosis leading to crisis. Conflicts in schools are either not understood or not managed properly. Burton (1969) suggested for conflict management which include deterrence strategies aimed at avoiding escalation of conflict while maintaining control without giving way. Burton further suggested that if conflict builds towards crisis successful management should be able to turn the conflicting forces towards a constructive rather than a destructive direction. However, teachers training programs in Tanzania have not provided for greater flexibility for teachers to manage conflicts other than becoming disciplinarians. Mismanagement of conflicts in schools has resulted into increased government intervention leading to closure of schools and increased expenditure. Meanwhile, effective teaching and learning programs are always impaired leading to further crisis in schools and the government in general. The situation also creates burn out to some teachers to change their career. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The purpose of this study is to investigate on the factors influencing conflicts in schools in Tanzania. Several conflicts have been reported to have devastating impacts. There are frequently and repeated conflicts in most schools in Tanzania. The scientific explanation about the nature of these conflicts is not well established neither documented. It has also been reported that those conflicts involve school administrators and teachers, teachers and students, students and the school administration, as well as students themselves. At some levels conflicts escalate to involveÂÂ   the external school environment. The impacts of these conflicts have resulted into loss of lives of some students, demolished school buildings, riots, boycott and increased hostilities in the workplace, lack of conducive teaching learning environment, dismissal and suspension of students, administrators and teachers. This study therefore, is an attempt to investigate on the nature of conflicts in schools, and possibly come up with the real explanation as to why they frequently occur, as well to establish approaches that can be applied to harmonize the situation. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: (a). ToÂÂ   identify the nature of conflicts in public secondary schools in Tanzania. (b). To establish means to minimize conflicts in schools. (c). To contribute and extend knowledge and skills in conflict management for schools teachers and administrators. (d). To influence the government policy in education, conflict management is an integral part of the contemporary school environment. RESEARCH QUESTIONS/HYPOTHESES: SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: This study is intended to be broad spectrum in nature. It is expected to come up with possible explanation of the sources of conflicts in schools as learning and work places in Tanzania. It will also establish possible preventive conflict management approaches that are so essential and could be applied in resolving conflicts which arise in the school environment. Whereas, the study is expected to contribute the generation of new insights, knowledge and skills in management in general, and form a baseline for school administrators, managers, teachers and students to reflect on during situations of problems leading to conflicts. This study is perhaps the pioneer one as far as conflict management in schools is concerned. It is expected to influence the policy of the government. Conflicts in the contemporary school environment are becoming part and parcel of the total education system. Finally, the study will impact on other broader dimensions of the social systems in Tanzania. LITERATURE REVIEW: This section reviews and examines briefly some literature on relevant scholarly work. Mosha, H.J.(1994) describes conflict as an interactive opposing behavior between two or more people, organizations or systems over incompatible goals, interests, scarce resources, values, belief system, power and prestige, nature of relationship as well as performance. He further states that, conflicts behaviours may range from intellectual jostling or malicious gossip all the way to use of physical force to cause destruction of property or physical injury. Mosha,(1994) further suggests that conflicts are integral part of any social system they need to be properly managed in order to create a healthy organizational climate that is so important for effective performance of responsibilities. Whereas, Lyons and Hatherly, (1992) comment on organizational health that is the state in institutions characterized by generally highÂÂ   levels of trust, low conflict and individual autonomy in patterns of supervision and control. Lyons and Hatherly further insist that in health organizations relationships are honest, there is high degree of trust, poor performance is confronted and joint solutions sought. People feel free to signal problems and participate in finding solutions. Murphy and Saal(1990) in Mosha,(1994) stated that conflict management is a process of becoming aware of actual or potential conflict, diagnosing its nature and scope and employing appropriate methodology to diffuse the emotional energy involved and enable disputing parties to understand and resolve their differences. While, Burton(1969) adds on conflict management that include deterrence strategies aimed at avoiding escalation of conflict while maintaining control without giving way. According to Gray and Starke(1990) traditionalists conceived conflict as being intrinsically bad. Under this school of thought members of the organization who caused the conflict were regarded as emotionally disturbed, otherwise they should not have caused the conflict. Thus, to eliminate the conflict and thereby solve the problem it was necessary to fire or get psychiatric help for the responsible employees (Jandt and Gillettee,1985). The modern theorists according to (Gray and Starke,1990) in Mosha,(1994) argue that organizational conflict is neither good nor bad per se, and that it is inevitable. Conflict is inevitable and not necessarily harmful. Indeed, they continue to argue that you can not have an organization, community or society that is free from conflict. However, Mosha, H.J.(1979:169) argues that competence should be the major criterion for participation as educational problems have ramifications that require attention and specialized assistance is useful in mobilizing needed knowledge and judgment. At another scale of looking at leadership styles, Bennis,W.G.,(1989) was of the view that the challenges confronting organizational leaders are daunting even to the most intrepid. Bennis further comments that organizational restructuring has bulldozed away much worker morale and loyalty, along with many levels of management and thousands of jobs. The loosened bonds between workers and organizations have increased worker disaffection and raised turnover. Bennis, W.G.(1989) further commented on achieving styles, cultures, values, rewards and discontinuities that organizations have their special achieving styles, styles that their cultures, consciously or unconsciously inculcate in their members. That is, organizations characteristically reward certain kinds of achieving behavior and punish or ignore other kinds. Organizational culture both comfort and control its members. It comforts them by generating a familiar context for organizational life and offering membership to those who conform. At the same time, organizational culture controls members by constricting the range of behaviours and attitudes that are valued andÂÂ   rewarded. Furthermore, Max Weber(1864-1920) examined the organization and came up with the opinion that the term organization meant the ordering of social relationships, the maintenance of which certain individuals took upon themselves as a special task. Weber, further maintains that the presence of a leader and an administrative staff was a characteristic of an organization, which in fact was them who preserved the organization. Hence, basic to WebersÂÂ   ideas was the notion that human behavior is regulated by rules. The existence of a distinct set of rules was implicit in the concept of organization. On management, Henry Fayol (1916) stated that to manage is to forecast and plan to organize, to command and to co-ordinate and to control. While G.A. Cole(1994) proposed a working definition for strategic management as a process directed by top management to determine the fundamental aims or goals of the organization and ensure a range of decisions which will allow for the achievement of those aims or goals in the long-term whilst providing for adaptive responses in the short term. The above implies that, if the management is not successful in dealing with resistances to change and if it still wishes to change and continues to implement the change program, conflict will eventually arise, Mosha,(1994). Whereas, Ekval, G.(1993) cautioned that where antagonistic groups, divisions and camps exist the work climate is bound to be poor.

Cry, the Beloved Country, by Alan Paton :: Cry, The Beloved Country Essays

Social Protest Cry the Beloved Country was a book written to bring about change. Through out the book Alan Paton reveal the social injustices of South Africa. This whole book, although a fictional stories, is to protest of the ways of South Africa. Paton brings up the inequity of the natives’ verses the whites; he makes points about education, superiority, and separation. Paton clearly showed that the white man is superiority to the black, he gives numerous examples throughout the novel. The white man had more money, a better job, a nicer house†¦ With James Jarvis, Paton showed that he was superior by making him live on high place, because he was so much superior than the natives that lived below him. At the end of the book James Jarvis (even though he had changed) could not get off his horse to talk to Steven Kumalo. He could have easily gotten off but "such a thing is not lightly done" (307). Paton includes this part in the novel to show that the white man can be amicable with the natives, but they will always have to come out on top. The whites needed to feel like they were on a higher level than the natives. If this country ever wants to be as one the whites are going to have to give up there need for superiority. Many times in the novel Paton showed there was a problem without even saying it. One of the major examples of that would be when he gave the scene of people asking "Have you a room to let?" and the response would always be "no I have no room to let"(85). Paton dosent outright say that its horrible that there is not even enough housing for the natives and they have to cram together in shared houses with no privicy at all. He just tells us the story and the reader recognize that there is a problem. Paton offten leves it up to the reader to figure out the social injustices of South Africa. When Kumalo was talking about his son Absolam he said "he is in prison for the most terrible deed a man can do, He k illed a white man" (144). Here Paton shows, again, how whites were considered to be superior to blacks. It could have been said the worst thing to do is kill a man, but in South Africa’s society it was not the same if a black man was murdered as compared to a white man.

Criticism Ecocriticism

Ecocritics investigate such things as the underlying ecological values, what, precisely, is meant by the word nature, and whether the examination of â€Å"place† should be a distinctive category, much like class, gender or race. Ecocritics examine human perception of wilderness, and how it has changed throughout history and whether or not current environmental issues are accurately represented or even mentioned in popular culture and modern literature.Other disciplines, such as history, philosophy, ethics, and psychology, are also considered by ecocritics to be possible contributors to ecocriticism. William Rueckert may have been the first person to use the term ecocriticism (Barry 240). In 1978, Rueckert published an essay titled Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism. His intent was to focus on â€Å"the application of ecology and ecological concepts to the study of literature. †(Reprinted in The Ecocritism Reader on p. 107) Ecologically minded individu als and scholars have been publishing progressive works of ecotheory and criticism since the explosion of environmentalism in the late 1960s and 1970s. However, because there was no organized movement to study the ecological/environmental side of literature, these important works were scattered and categorized under a litany of different subject headings: pastoralism, human ecology, regionalism, American Studies etc.British Marxist critic Raymond Williams, for example, wrote a seminal critique of pastoral literature in 1973, The Country and the City, which spawned two decades of leftist suspicion of the ideological evasions of the genre and its habit of making the work of rural labour disappear even though Williams himself observed that the losses lamented in pastoral might be genuine ones, and went on to profess a decidedly green socialism.Another early ecocritical text, Joseph Meeker's The Comedy of Survival (1974), proposed a version of an argument that was later to dominate ecoc riticism and environmental philosophy; that environmental crisis is caused primarily by a cultural tradition in the West of separation of culture from nature, and elevation of the former to moral predominance.Such anthropocentrism is identified in the tragic conception of a hero whose moral struggles are more important than mere biological survival, whereas the science of animal ethology, Meeker asserts, shows that a â€Å"comic mode† of muddling through and â€Å"making love not war† has superior ecological value.In the later, â€Å"second wave† ecocriticism, Meeker's adoption of an ecophilosophical position with apparent scientific sanction as a measure of literary value tended to prevail over Williams's ideological and historical critique of the shifts in a literary genre's representation of nature. As Glotfelty noted in The Ecocriticism Reader,[page needed] â€Å"One indication of the disunity of the early efforts is that these critics rarely cited one anot her’s work; they didn’t know that it existed†¦Each was a single voice howling in the wilderness.† Nevertheless, ecocriticism—unlike feminist and Marxist criticisms—failed to crystallize into a coherent movement in the late 1970s, and indeed only did so in the USA in the 1990s. [citation needed] In the mid-1980s, scholars began to work collectively to establish ecocritism as a genre, primarily through the work of the Western Literature Association in which the revaluation of nature writing as a non-fictional literary genre could function.In 1990, at the University of Nevada, Reno, Glotfelty became the first person to hold an academic position as a professor of Literature and the Environment, and UNR has retained the position it established at that time as the intellectual home of ecocriticism even as ASLE has burgeoned into an organization with thousands of members in the US alone. From the late 1990s, new branches of ASLE and affiliated organiz ations were started in the UK, Japan, Korea, Australia and New Zealand (ASLEC-ANZ), India (OSLE-India}, Taiwan, Canada and Europe.Definition[edit] In comparison with other ‘political' forms of criticism, there has been relatively little dispute about the moral and philosophical aims of ecocriticism, although its scope has broadened rapidly from nature writing, Romantic poetry, and canonical literature to take in film, television, theatre, animal stories, architectures, scientific narratives and an extraordinary range of literary texts.At the same time, ecocriticism has borrowed methodologies and theoretically informed approaches liberally from other fields of literary, social and scientific study. Glotfelty's working definition in The Ecocriticism Reader is that â€Å"ecocriticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment† (xviii), and one of the implicit goals of the approach is to recoup professional dignity for what Glotfelty ca lls the â€Å"undervalued genre of nature writing† (xxxi).Lawrence Buell defines â€Å"‘ecocriticism’ †¦ as [a] study of the relationship between literature and the environment conducted in a spirit of commitment to environmentalist praxis† (430, n. 20). Simon Estok noted in 2001 that â€Å"ecocriticism has distinguished itself, debates notwithstanding, firstly by the ethical stand it takes, its commitment to the natural world as an important thing rather than simply as an object of thematic study, and, secondly, by its commitment to making connections† (â€Å"A Report Card on Ecocriticism† 220).More recently, in an article that extends ecocriticism to Shakespearean studies, Estok argues that ecocriticism is more than â€Å"simply the study of Nature or natural things in literature; rather, it is any theory that is committed to effecting change by analyzing the function–thematic, artistic, social, historical, ideological, theoret ical, or otherwise–of the natural environment, or aspects of it, represented in documents (literary or other) that contribute to material practices in material worlds† (â€Å"Shakespeare and Ecocriticism† 16-17).This echoes the functional approach of the cultural ecology branch of ecocriticism, which analyzes the analogies between ecosystems and imaginative texts and posits that such texts potentially have an ecological (regenerative, revitalizing) function in the cultural system (Zapf, â€Å"Literary Ecology†). As Michael P. Cohen has observed, â€Å"if you want to be an ecocritic, be prepared to explain what you do and be criticized, if not satirized. † Certainly, Cohen adds his voice to such critique, noting that one of the problems of ecocriticism has been what he calls its â€Å"praise-song school† of criticism.All ecocritics share an environmentalist motivation of some sort, but whereas the majority are ‘nature endorsing' (as Kate Soper puts it in â€Å"What is Nature? † (1998)), some are ‘nature sceptical'. In part this entails a shared sense of the ways in which ‘nature' has been used to legitimise gender, sexual and racial norms (so homosexuality has been seen as ‘unnatural', for example), but it also involves scepticism about the uses to which ‘ecological' language is put in ecocriticism; it can also involve a critique of the ways cultural norms of nature and the environment contribute to environmental degradation.Greg Garrard has dubbed ‘pastoral ecology' the notion that nature undisturbed is balanced and harmonious (â€Å"Ecocriticism† 56-58), while Dana Phillips has criticised the literary quality and scientific accuracy of nature writing in â€Å"The Truth of Ecology†. Similarly, there has been a call to recognize the place of the Environmental Justice movement in redefining ecocritical discourse (see Buell, â€Å"Toxic Discourse†).In response to the question of what ecocriticism is or should be, Camilo Gomides has offered an operational definition that is both broad and discriminating: â€Å"The field of enquiry that analyzes and promotes works of art which raise moral questions about human interactions with nature, while also motivating audiences to live within a limit that will be binding over generations† (16).He tests it for a film (mal)adaptation about Amazonian deforestation. Implementing the Gomides definition, Joseph Henry Vogel makes the case that ecocriticism constitutes an â€Å"economic school of thought† as it engages audiences to debate issues of resource allocation that have no technical solution.

Cpa Exam Pre

I have recently moved and need to update my contact details. How can I do this? Can I complete the CPA Program professional level segments in any order? This is my last semester, what if I don't pass? Can I get an extension of time? Study materials 4 5 I have not received my study materials yet. What should I do? I have missing pages in my study guide. How can I replace these? Study support, including study groups 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 How can I register for study groups?When will the study group list be available? I need some additional help with my studies. What options are available? How many hours should I study to pass? Are there assignments? Are there any practice questions? How do I access them? Are there any other additional study materials or textbooks that I need? Can I use the text books or legislation that I have retained from university? I am having trouble accessing learning tasks and/or folders on My Online Learning. What can I do? Exams 15 16 17 18 19 When are exams held? I cannot sit the exam on the date advertised. Can I have an alternative exam date?I haven’t received my exam notification letter. Can you please send me a copy? How do I change my exam location? I have a medical condition which requires me to have special exam arrangements. Is it possible to have a special exam organized? How do I go about having that organized? Exams (continued) 20 21 22 23 24 25 What is the structure/format of the exam? Are the exams all multiple-choice or are there written response questions on the exams? Are the exam questions in module order? What is the ppercentage of questions for each module? Are marks deducted for wrong aanswers? Can I access past exam papers?My studies have been affected by personal hardship/illness. I don't think I will pass if I sit the exam. What can I do? Attending the exam 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 What identification do I need to take to the exam? What study materials can I take into the exam? Can I use an ele ctronic dictionary? What type of calculator is allowed and can you suggest the best one? Can I bring food into the exam room? I’m running late to my exam. What should I do? Where should I place my belongings at the exam venue? Can I highlight or tag my notes during reading time? Shcould I use a pen or a pencil for my aanswers?I have not marked my name or membership number correctly on the answer sheet or exam booklet. Will this be a problem? I marked the aanswers in the exam booklet instead of the answer sheet. Will my aanswers be assessed? Due to my personal circumstances, I don’t think I performed well on the exam. How can I apply for special consideration? Exam results 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 How can I get access to my exam results? How can I get a copy of my Personal Analysis Letter for this semester? How can I get a copy of my Personal Analysis Letter for last semester? How do I get a transcript of results? What is the pass mark per segment?What are the mark s required to achieve a Credit, Distinction and High Distinction? How can I get access to my exam mark? Can my exam paper be re-marked? Can I view my exam paper to see where I went wrong? I have received my results and I have failed. My studies/exam performance were affected by circumstances beyond my control but I didn't know I could apply for special consideration. Can I still apply? Important Contacts 2533600v1 @ 23-Jul-13 CPA Australia – Study and exam information Page 2 of 10 Enrolment 1. I have recently moved and need to update my contact details. How can I do this? You are able to change your details online at paaustralia. com. au/memberprofile at any time. Your study materials will be sent to the address you provided at the time of enrolment, or you may change your address up to the early bird enrolment closing date. Changes made before the early bird enrolment closing date in each semester will be processed in time for your materials to be delivered to the new addres s. If you change your address after this date, please arrange to collect or forward your study materials from the original address. A re-issue fee will be charged if you require a second set of materials to be sent to the new address. 2.Can I complete the CPA Program professional level segments in any order? You can enrol in any segment except for Global Strategy and Leadership as your first enrolment. It is recommended that you enrol first in Ethics and Governance as this segment provides a sound introduction to your studies. Global Strategy and Leadership is the capstone segment and brings together the knowledge candidates have gained from their studies of the other compulsory segments. To enrol in Global Strategy and Leadership, candidates must have successfully completed all other compulsory segments of the CPA Program professional level. . This is my last semester, what if I don't pass? Can I get an extension of time? If you are unable to complete your CPA Program professional level segments or advance to CPA status within the relevant timeframe, extensions may be available. Please contact your local CPA Australia office to discuss your options. Study materials 4. I have not received my study materials yet. What should I do? If you have not received your study materials by semester commencement you should contact [email  protected] edu. au. Candidates enrolled in the Singapore Taxation segment should contact the Singapore divisional office.A limited number of modules from the study guide are available via My Online Learning for some segments. This is to assist candidates who have not received their materials by the start of the semester. Due to copyright restrictions, only some modules are available online with the third party copyright content removed. 5. I have missing pages in my study guide. How can I replace these? When you receive your study materials, you should check that you have received all items required for the segment. A checklist is appen ded to the letter enclosed with your materials.If you did not receive all items listed on the checklist, complete the form provided beneath the checklist and fax it to +61 3 5227 3221 or email [email  protected] edu. au. Alternatively you can phone the Business Services Group at Deakin University on +61 3 5227 3200 or 1800 032 294 (within Australia). Candidates enrolled in the Singapore Taxation segment should contact the Singapore divisional office for all enquiries about missing or damaged study materials. 2533600v1 @ 23-Jul-13 CPA Australia – Study and exam information Page 3 of 10 Study support, including study groups 6. How can I register for study groups?You can register for study groups through My Online Learning. To register, simply click on ‘My Study Groups’ on the top menu bar, select the relevant segment using the dropdown box next to ‘Course’ and follow the prompts. Registering for a study group provides you with access to a secure onli ne list of email contact details for other candidates who are studying the same segment and who have also registered for a study group. You can use these contact details to form your own study group and share your learning and thoughts with your peers. 7. When will the study group list be available?You will be able to register for study groups via My Online Learning from the start of the semester. 8. I need some additional help with my studies. What options are available? To help you complete the CPA Program, CPA Australia has developed a wide range of support. This may be provided as part of your enrolment and membership fees, or some may be purchased through third-party providers. The level of support available may differ depending on which segment you are undertaking and your geographic location. The support available includes: ? tuition through Registered Tuition Providers ? upplementary revision materials such as Revision Kits and Passcards ? workshops and webinars ? My Online Learning. Access cpaaustralia. com. au/learningsupport for more information. 9. How many hours should I study to pass? The minimum recommended study time is between 10 and 15 hours per week per segment. 10. Are there assignments? There are no assignments for CPA Program professional level segments. Assessment for each CPA Program professional level segment is an exam of three hours duration at the end of the semester. 11. Are there any practice questions? How do I access them?

Muzak Business Case

Muzak Business Case Free Online Research Papers Muzak was a multi-million dollar company and over the years had created the largest digital music library in the world. Despite their past success, they were not conveying the modern image they wanted to the public. This led the new senior management team at Muzak to implement change. Problem Definition Muzak is a company that has been around for decades and is mostly known for their â€Å"elevator music†. In the late 90’s, Muzak’s reputation for â€Å"elevator music† began to lead the company down a path of little growth and increasing financial hardships. The company’s negative public image reflected the same image Muzak’s employees had of their company culture. With over 200 offices, 3,000 employees, and 450 different versions of their business cards, they did not have a uniform company image to sell to their clients. Company Objectives Muzak’s strategy was to move away from the â€Å"elevator music† label and work towards conveying a hipper, more modern image. They wanted to get away from depicting music as a science and instead depict it as an art. In order to re-invent their company, Muzak had to develop a unifying symbol. They chose to use a silver and black â€Å"M† in a circle. Their new logo replaced all the separate identities that once represented Muzak. It was a great first step in how they wanted to be perceived by new clients. Muzak wanted to convey the message that they were a company of creative â€Å"audio architects†. To do this, they created an aggressive marketing campaign, which included new brochures with more color, graphics, and brief text. This was a complete change to the serious charts, graphs and presentations they had used for years. They designed their new brochures to be art. This was a huge selling point for the company, which began to generate new business almost instantly. Data Analysis These new changes helped Muzak’s business to grow 16% and in three years they were worth $750 million, up from $100 million in 1997 (Argenti, 2007, p.85). Muzak was rapidly growing financially, artistically, and everyone had more confidence in the future with this business. This lead Muzak to re-locate their business from Seattle, Washington to Charlotte, South Carolina; building a new headquarters that was less traditional and geared more towards their new image of young, modern, and creative. Their new headquarters, described as an Italian piazza with conference rooms, desks on wheels, and no private offices, had a fresh and original atmosphere they are proud to bring their clients to. Alternative Strategies Muzak did an exceptional job in changing their company image. They went forth with their objectives to become a new company with a central logo and a place that clients can trust. It is difficult to determine where they could have done better or what they could have done differently because they have had such a positive outcome. However, there a few things that could have been considered before this change took place while still obtaining their desired outcome. Due to Muzak’s longevity and their weak public image, could they have changed their image sooner than they did? Instead of putting it off until they were no longer a growing company and their debt was growing financially, why did they wait so long being as stagnant as they were? Another alternative could have been to implement change using internal resources instead of using Pentagram. Using Pentagram cost more than it would have if they had pulled together a creative team within Muzak. Also, it seems that re-locating their headquarters from Seattle, WA to Charlotte, SC was a huge change that was not necessary. Such a move most likely cost a lot of money and a lot of employees their jobs, as well as some loss in business with their older, traditional clients. Case Questions 1. How much change did Muzak need to communicate through its identity system to change perceptions of the company? Muzak needed to change their brand perception by creating a new logo and streamlining new brochures to gain new clients. 2. What other corporate communication â€Å"levers† did Muzak have at its disposal to signal change? Corporate communication â€Å"levers† that Muzak had that signified its need for change included a bad corporate culture, loss of money, increased debt, little growth and a negative public perception of the company. 3. How did changing its identity help/hurt Muzak’s overall strategy? Short-term? Long-term? In the long-term, changing Muzak’s identity helped the company establish a good rapport with new clients. They were happier with their image and gained new public interest, trust, and loyalty. What may have hurt Muzak in the short-term was the re-location of its headquarters. Employees who were accustomed to the old system at Muzak could have a hard time transitioning. Previous clients, such as the traditional â€Å"mom and pop† shops were left behind. These older clients may choose to do business elsewhere feeling threatened by a younger generation. Also, the cost do re-invent Muzak may have hurt in the short-term, but given their financial growth, it did not hurt for a long period of time. 4. How important is it, and should the parent company educate franchisees about the new identity? It is very important for the parent company to educate the new identity of Muzak to the franchisees. It promotes consistency and excellence within the company and gives a strong reputation among clients. Research Papers on Muzak Business CaseAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Project Managment Office SystemTwilight of the UAWWhere Wild and West MeetResearch Process Part OnePETSTEL analysis of IndiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementHip-Hop is Art

Cellular Reproduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cellular Reproduction - Essay Example They divide constantly and with rapid pace without exhibiting any contact inhibition. As the data suggests, cancer cells outnumber normal cells at the later stages of cell division, indicating that cancer cells divide at the swift rate and complete their cell division faster than the normal cells. Normal cells follow the regulated time interval for cell division or reproduction with balanced signaling pathways while cancer cells do not reveal any kind of signal transduction. Moreover, cancer cells are capable of angiogenesis enabling capillary formation from a nearby blood vessel so as to feed the growing tumor cells. Normal cells cease their cell division after a certain time while the cancer cells proliferate in any order violating the rules of cell division. Although normal cells taken from different tissues as in the present case display different morphology but the cancer cells taken from different tissues do not flaunt their distinct tissue morphology as there is a loss of spec ialized function. The elevated rate of cellular division ceases them to execute their specialized function (Ginger) 2. Which type of cancer shows the most aggressive growth? Explain.

New Product Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

New Product Development - Essay Example example with technological development new types of DVD players are in idea generation process which will play high capacity Forward Versatile Disc or FVD of around 6 gigabyte capacity (Grewal, 2008, p. 308). Sometimes too many ideas are generated which needs to be evaluated and then screened which are not very promising one for the company. The Idea screening process of the foremost U.S motorcycle manufacturer, Harley-Davidson is known as â€Å"The Wall of Fire† who screens different ideas to choose the best out of the development opportunities called â€Å"The Swirl† (Karol, Nelson, 2007, p. 118). The ideas which are screened in the idea screening process are forwarded for the concept development and testing of the screened idea. Ideas can be very beneficial for the company in many cases for which proper testing of the concept is required for its feasibility study. In automobile industry Tata Motors conducted a market research in order to find the gap in the market fo r its fall in the market share of truck during the year 1998 to 2000. It showed that consumers want a to have a car like vehicle but it can perform like a truck which can carry heavy weights for different purposes (Kumar, 2007, p.29). After concept testing the marketing strategies like the description of the target market, distribution channels, pricing policy, advertising, marketing mix strategies and profit in long run are evaluated and managed. For example Unisys identified the need of the customers.